There are two basic kinds of property. A person can have personal property or real property.  Personal property includes “things” such as a car, furniture, jewelry, clothes, or even a bank account. Real property means land and includes land that has buildings on it, like a person’s house. Real property also includes mineral interests.

Property is either separate property or community property. Separate property is owned by an unmarried person or is owned by a person before being married. A gift or inheritance to a married person is separate property. Community property is acquired by a married person during the marriage.

The total amount of property a person owns is called the estate. The community estate of a married couple is owned by both persons. In other words, each spouse owns one half of the community estate. When a married person dies, only one half of the community estate can be given away because the other half is still owned by the living spouse. The spouse that has died (called the decedent) could own a separate estate in addition to one-half of the community estate.

The following is a list of how property can be owned:

• Separate property
• Joint ownership (sometimes called joint tenancy)
• Joint ownership with right of survivorship
• Payable on death
• Life estate
• Community property
• Community property with right of survivorship

Yes. Property owned before a marriage is separate property. Property that is given as a gift to or that is inherited by a married person is also separate property.

If a person dies without a will, the law decides how property is divided. The person who has died is called the decedent.  When a married person dies, the person’s living spouse is called the surviving spouse.

For example, if a married person dies without a will, the law says the decedent’s community property goes to the surviving spouse if:

• The decedent had no children or other descendants;
• All the decedent’s children are also the children of the surviving spouse;
• If the decedent had children with more than one person, the surviving spouse keeps his or her one half of the community property and the children get the decedent’s one half of the community property.

A valid will controls how a person’s estate is handled after the person dies. However, to change the title to some property, the will must be admitted to probate. This means that an application to admit the will for probate must be filed with the probate court where the person lived or died, or in the county where the property is located; and the probate judge must find that the will is valid. The cost to file an application in the probate court varies depending on the county. Most probate courts will not allow pro se litigants, which means that you must hire an attorney. This adds to the cost. To save money for their family, many people attempt to own property in a way that makes it unnecessary to probate the will. For example, if a married person dies, and the couple’s property is owned with right of survivorship, the property automatically goes to the surviving spouse.

Absolutely.  As of September 1, 2015, Texas law says that an owner can prepare a Transfer on Death Deed (TODD).  A TODD allows the owner, the

transferor, to name a beneficiary who will receive the property described in the deed after the transferor has died.  The TODD must be recorded in the

deed records of the county where the property is located prior to the transferor’s death.

Yes.  Nothing changes as long as you, the transferor, is living.  You are still the full owner; which means that you must continue to maintain the property and pay the taxes unless you have deferred them.  You can even sell the property if you need to do so.  The beneficiary would receive nothing at the time of your death if the property has been sold.

A TODD will rule; it governs over the will.  If your will states Property A goes to my daughter and the TODD names son as the beneficiary of Property A, son will be the new owner regardless of which of the two documents was executed first.  Property A’s title can transfer without the need for probate.

Real estate, with or without a mortgage, can be transferred at death when the owner properly drafts and records a TODD.  It is not limited to one’s homestead.

Persons who are planning to be married can prepare a written premarital agreement that says that certain property will remain separate property even after the marriage. Unless there is a will that states who will get the property, the property mentioned in the premarital agreement will not go to the surviving spouse.

A joint tenancy means more than one person owns a certain item of property.  Both real property (land) and personal property (things) can be owned jointly.

There are two kinds of joint tenancy. People can own property as joint tenants or as joint tenants with right of survivorship. In a joint tenancy, when one owner dies, his or her share of the property passes to the decedent’s heirs or to the persons named in the decedent’s will. In a joint tenancy with right of survivorship, when an owner dies, his or her share of the property goes to the other owners.

A joint tenancy with right of survivorship has to be created by a written agreement.

When a married person has children who are not the children of the surviving spouse, his or her half of the community property does not automatically go to the surviving spouse when the person dies. In Texas, a married couple can agree in writing that all or part of their community property will go to the surviving spouse when one person dies. This is called a right of survivorship agreement. The right of survivorship agreement must be filed with the county court records where the couple lives. This can be a way that married couples can see to it that all community property stated in the agreement automatically belongs to the surviving spouse without having to go to probate court.